A hammer in their hands : a documentary history of technology and the African-American experience /
'A Hammer in Their Hands' collects newspaper & magazine articles, advertisements for runaway slaves, letters, folklore, excerpts from biography & fiction, legal patents, protest pamphlets, & other primary sources to document the technological achievements of African Americans
Corporate Author: | |
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Other Authors: | |
Format: | Book |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Cambridge, Mass. :
MIT Press,
[2005], ©2005
Cambridge, Mass. : c2005 Cambridge, Mass. : ©2005 Cambridge, Mass. : [2005] |
Subjects: |
Table of Contents:
- 1. African medicine in the new world
- 2. New world skills
- 3. The persistence of craft
- 4. The new industrial age
- 5. Finding a place in the industrial age
- 6. Training for the industrial age
- 7. Inventors
- 8. The rural south
- 9. Industrial employment
- 10. The automobile
- 11. Learning to fly
- 12. War work
- 13. After the war
- 14. Setting a political agenda
- 15. Ties to Africa
- 16. Engineering careers
- 17. Accessing the information age
- 18. Technological troubles
- Further readings
- Index
- 1 African medicine in the new world
- Cotton Mather on smallpox inoculation (1716)
- An account of the method and success of inoculating the small-pox in Boston (1722)
- 2. New world skills
- Runaway slave advertisements
- A profile of runaway slaves in Virginia and South Carolina from 1730 through 1787 / Lathan Algerna Windley
- Advertisement for a fugitive slave (1769) / Thomas Jefferson
- Letter from Benjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer (1792) / Benjamin Banneker and Thomas Jefferson
- 3. The persistence of craft
- Advertisements for runaway slaves in Virginia, 1801-1820 / Daniel Meaders
- Life and times of Frederick Douglass (1882) / Frederick Douglass
- The fugitive blacksmith; or, events in the history of James W. C. Pennington
- Uncle Tom's cabin (1852) / Harriet Beecher Stowe
- A journey in the seaboard slave states (1856) and a journey in the back country (1861) / Frederick Law Olmsted
- His promised land : the autobiography of John P. Parker, former slave and conductor on the Underground Railroad / John P. Parker
- Layout of Parker's Phoenix Foundry (1884)
- U.S. patent to John Percial Parker for a soil-pulverizer (1890)
- Tending a cotton gin (1853)
- 4. The new industrial age
- Notes on North America, agricultural, economical, and social (1851) / James F. W. Johnston
- Scenes from Oak Lawn, Louisiana plantation (1864)
- Slave labor as reported in Nile's weekly register (1849) and DeBow's Southern and Western review (1851)
- The history of the first locomotives in America (1874) / William H. Brown
- Advertisement in The liberator seeking colored inventors (1834)
- U.S. patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "improvement in sugar-works" (1843)
- U.S. patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "improvement in sugar-making" (1846)
- The Confederate Patent Act (1861)
- 5. Finding a place in the industrial age
- Mechanism and art (1873)
- Using jokes to invent the expert
- John Henry, the steel driving man (1929)
- The Eclipse clothes wringer (c. 1880s)
- Woman with bicycle (c. 1890s)
- The taint of the bicycle (1902) / W. F. Fonvielle
- 6. Training for the industrial age
- Comments on the advisibility of instructing engineering students in the history of the engineering profession (1903) / L. S. Randolph
- Industrial education; will it solve the Negro problem, II (1904) / Booker T. Washington
- The training of Negroes for social power (1904) / W. E. B. Dubois
- Industrial education - will it solve the Negro problem (1904) / Fannie Barrier
- Working with the hands (1904) / Booker T. Washington
- How electricity is taught at Tuskegee (1904) / Charles W. Pierce
- Racial progress as reported in The colored American magazine (1902)
- The American Negro artisan (1904) / Thomas J. Calloway
- Results of some hard experiences : a plain talk to young men (1902) / William H. Dorkins
- Manufacturing household articles (1904) / Samuel R. Scottron
- The career of mechanic John G. Howard (1902)
- 7. Inventors
- The colored inventor : a record of fifty years (1913) / Henry E. Baker
- Clara Frye, a woman inventor (1907)
- U.S. patent to Garret A. Morgan for a "breathing device" (1914)
- 8. The rural South
- You may plow here : the narrative of Sara Brooks / Sara Brooks
- Cotton picking machines and southern agriculture
- We (1927) / Charles Lindbergh
- 9. Industrial employment
- Tuskegee ideals in industrial education (1926) / Joseph L. Whiting
- Women at work : a century of industrial change (1934)
- The typewriter (1926) / Dorothy West
- 10. The automobile
- Automobiles and the Jim Crow regulations (1924)
- Through the windshield (1933) / Alfred Edgar Smith
- Running the red light (Tilman C. Cothran)
- U.S. patent to G. A. Morgan for a "traffic signal" (1923)
- 11. Learning to fly
- Soaring above setbacks : the autobiography of Janet Harmon Bragg, African American aviator / Janet Harmon Bragg
- Coffey School of Aeronautics (1944) and 99th pursuit squadron, air unit (1942)
- Lt. Clarence "Lucky" Lester
- 12. War work
- Negro workers and the national defense program (1942)
- A black woman at work in a wartime airplane assembly plant
- Graduate Technicians and National Technical Association (1944)
- Defense and wartime employment (1946-1947)
- Bay area council against discrimination, San Francisco (1942)
- 13. After the war
- Elm City, a Negro community in action (1945) / C. L. Spellman
- Mechanization in agriculture (1941-1946)
- The Negro in the aerospace industry (1968) / Herbert R. Northrup
- 14. Setting a political agenda
- Revolution in a technological society (1971) / Samuel D. Proctor
- 15. Ties to Africa
- Mickey Leland and the USAID Bureau for Africa
- Solar cooking demonstration in Akwasiho Village, Ghana / Hattie Carwell
- 16. Engineering careers
- Women and minorities in science and engineering
- History of the National Society of Black Engineers (1997) / Jerry Good
- Black women engineers and technologists / Valerie L. Thomas
- Careers in science and technology (1993)
- 17. Accessing the information age
- Bridging the racial divide on the Internet (1998) / Donna L. Hoffman and Thomas P. Novak
- Cyberghetto : blacks are falling through the Net (1998) / Frederick L. McKissack, Jr.
- Troubletown (1998)
- The black technological entrepreneur (1999) / Janet Stites
- 18. Technological troubles
- A place at the table : a Sierra roundtable on race, justice, and the environment, and the letter that shook a movement (1993)
- Neighbors rally to fight proposed waste-burner (1992)
- United States to weigh blacks' complaints about pollution (1993)
- Presidential Executive Order 12898 - environmental justice
- Study attacks "environmental justice" (1994)
- New York Seminarian promotes environmental justice in Africa (1996) / Paulette V. Walker.
- 1 African medicine in the new world
- Cotton Mather on smallpox inoculation (1716)
- An account of the method and success of inoculating the small-pox in Boston (1722)
- 2. New world skills
- Runaway slave advertisements
- A profile of runaway slaves in Virginia and South Carolina from 1730 through 1787 / Lathan Algerna Windley
- Advertisement for a fugitive slave (1769) / Thomas Jefferson
- Letter from Benjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer (1792) / Benjamin Banneker and Thomas Jefferson
- 3. The persistence of craft
- Advertisements for runaway slaves in Virginia, 1801-1820 / Daniel Meaders
- Life and times of Frederick Douglass (1882) / Frederick Douglass
- The fugitive blacksmith; or, events in the history of James W. C. Pennington
- Uncle Tom's cabin (1852) / Harriet Beecher Stowe
- A journey in the seaboard slave states (1856) and a journey in the back country (1861) / Frederick Law Olmsted
- His promised land : the autobiography of John P. Parker, former slave and conductor on the Underground Railroad / John P. Parker
- Layout of Parker's Phoenix Foundry (1884)
- U.S. patent to John Percial Parker for a soil-pulverizer (1890)
- Tending a cotton gin (1853)
- 4. The new industrial age
- Notes on North America, agricultural, economical, and social (1851) / James F. W. Johnston
- Scenes from Oak Lawn, Louisiana plantation (1864)
- Slave labor as reported in Nile's weekly register (1849) and DeBow's Southern and Western review (1851)
- The history of the first locomotives in America (1874) / William H. Brown
- Advertisement in The liberator seeking colored inventors (1834)
- U.S. patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "improvement in sugar-works" (1843)
- U.S. patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "improvement in sugar-making" (1846)
- The Confederate Patent Act (1861)
- 5. Finding a place in the industrial age
- Mechanism and art (1873)
- Using jokes to invent the expert
- John Henry, the steel driving man (1929)
- The Eclipse clothes wringer (c. 1880s)
- Woman with bicycle (c. 1890s)
- The taint of the bicycle (1902) / W. F. Fonvielle
- 6. Training for the industrial age
- Comments on the advisibility of instructing engineering students in the history of the engineering profession (1903) / L. S. Randolph
- Industrial education; will it solve the Negro problem, II (1904) / Booker T. Washington
- The training of Negroes for social power (1904) / W. E. B. Dubois
- Industrial education - will it solve the Negro problem (1904) / Fannie Barrier
- Working with the hands (1904) / Booker T. Washington
- How electricity is taught at Tuskegee (1904) / Charles W. Pierce
- Racial progress as reported in The colored American magazine (1902)
- The American Negro artisan (1904) / Thomas J. Calloway
- Results of some hard experiences : a plain talk to young men (1902) / William H. Dorkins
- Manufacturing household articles (1904) / Samuel R. Scottron
- The career of mechanic John G. Howard (1902)
- 7. Inventors
- The colored inventor : a record of fifty years (1913) / Henry E. Baker
- Clara Frye, a woman inventor (1907)
- U.S. patent to Garret A. Morgan for a "breathing device" (1914)
- 8. The rural South
- You may plow here : the narrative of Sara Brooks / Sara Brooks
- Cotton picking machines and southern agriculture
- We (1927) / Charles Lindbergh
- 9. Industrial employment
- Tuskegee ideals in industrial education (1926) / Joseph L. Whiting
- Women at work : a century of industrial change (1934)
- The typewriter (1926) / Dorothy West
- 10. The automobile
- Automobiles and the Jim Crow regulations (1924)
- Through the windshield (1933) / Alfred Edgar Smith
- Running the red light (Tilman C. Cothran)
- U.S. patent to G. A. Morgan for a "traffic signal" (1923)
- 11. Learning to fly
- Soaring above setbacks : the autobiography of Janet Harmon Bragg, African American aviator / Janet Harmon Bragg
- Coffey School of Aeronautics (1944) and 99th pursuit squadron, air unit (1942)
- Lt. Clarence "Lucky" Lester
- 12. War work
- Negro workers and the national defense program (1942)
- A black woman at work in a wartime airplane assembly plant
- Graduate Technicians and National Technical Association (1944)
- Defense and wartime employment (1946-1947)
- Bay area council against discrimination, San Francisco (1942)
- 13. After the war
- Elm City, a Negro community in action (1945) / C. L. Spellman
- Mechanization in agriculture (1941-1946)
- The Negro in the aerospace industry (1968) / Herbert R. Northrup
- 14. Setting a political agenda
- Revolution in a technological society (1971) / Samuel D. Proctor
- 15. Ties to Africa
- Mickey Leland and the USAID Bureau for Africa
- Solar cooking demonstration in Akwasiho Village, Ghana / Hattie Carwell
- 16. Engineering careers
- Women and minorities in science and engineering
- History of the National Society of Black Engineers (1997) / Jerry Good
- Black women engineers and technologists / Valerie L. Thomas
- Careers in science and technology (1993)
- 17. Accessing the information age
- Bridging the racial divide on the Internet (1998) / Donna L. Hoffman and Thomas P. Novak
- Cyberghetto : blacks are falling through the Net (1998) / Frederick L. McKissack, Jr.
- Troubletown (1998)
- The black technological entrepreneur (1999) / Janet Stites
- 18. Technological troubles
- A place at the table : a Sierra roundtable on race, justice, and the environment, and the letter that shook a movement (1993)
- Neighbors rally to fight proposed waste-burner (1992)
- United States to weigh blacks' complaints about pollution (1993)
- Presidential Executive Order 12898 - environmental justice
- Study attacks "environmental justice" (1994)
- New York Seminarian promotes environmental justice in Africa (1996) / Paulette V. Walker.
- 1 African medicine in the new world
- Cotton Mather on smallpox inoculation (1716)
- An account of the method and success of inoculating the small-pox in Boston (1722)
- 2. New world skills
- Runaway slave advertisements
- A profile of runaway slaves in Virginia and South Carolina from 1730 through 1787 / Lathan Algerna Windley
- Advertisement for a fugitive slave (1769) / Thomas Jefferson
- Letter from Benjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer (1792) / Benjamin Banneker and Thomas Jefferson
- 3. The persistence of craft
- Advertisements for runaway slaves in Virginia, 1801-1820 / Daniel Meaders
- Life and times of Frederick Douglass (1882) / Frederick Douglass
- The fugitive blacksmith; or, events in the history of James W. C. Pennington
- Uncle Tom's cabin (1852) / Harriet Beecher Stowe
- A journey in the seaboard slave states (1856) and a journey in the back country (1861) / Frederick Law Olmsted
- His promised land : the autobiography of John P. Parker, former slave and conductor on the Underground Railroad / John P. Parker
- Layout of Parker's Phoenix Foundry (1884)
- U.S. patent to John Percial Parker for a soil-pulverizer (1890)
- Tending a cotton gin (1853)
- 4. The new industrial age
- Notes on North America, agricultural, economical, and social (1851) / James F. W. Johnston
- Scenes from Oak Lawn, Louisiana plantation (1864)
- Slave labor as reported in Nile's weekly register (1849) and DeBow's Southern and Western review (1851)
- The history of the first locomotives in America (1874) / William H. Brown
- Advertisement in The liberator seeking colored inventors (1834)
- U.S. patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "improvement in sugar-works" (1843)
- U.S. patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "improvement in sugar-making" (1846)
- The Confederate Patent Act (1861)
- 5. Finding a place in the industrial age
- Mechanism and art (1873)
- I Colonial Era 1
- African Medicine in the New World 3
- Cotton Mather on Smallpox Inoculation (1716) 5
- An Account of the Method and Success of Inoculating the Small-Pox in Boston (1722) 6
- New World Skills 7
- Runaway Slave Advertisements 9
- A Profile of Runaway Slaves in Virginia and South Carolina from 1730 through 1787 / Lathan Algerna Windley 12
- Advertisement for a Fugitive Slave (1769) / Thomas Jefferson 14
- Letter from Benjamin Banneker to the Secretary of State, with His Answer (1792) / Benjamin Banneker, Thomas Jefferson 15
- II Antebellum Years 21
- The Persistence of Craft 23
- Advertisements for Runaway Slaves in Virginia, 1801-1820 / Daniel Meaders 25
- Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1882) / Frederick Douglass 29
- The Fugitive Blacksmith; or, Events in the History of James W. C. Pennington 37
- Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) / Harriet Beecher Stowe 40
- A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856) and A Journey in the Back Country (1861) / Frederick Law Olmsted 44
- His Promised Land: The Autobiography of John P. Parker, Former Slave and Conductor on the Underground Railroad / John P. Parker 49
- Layout of Parker's Phoenix Foundry (1884) 54
- U.S. Patent to John Percial Parker for a Soil-Pulverizer (1890) 55
- Tending a Cotton Gin (1853) 58
- The New Industrial Age 59
- Notes on North America, Agricultural, Economical, and Social (1851) / James F. W. Johnston 61
- Scenes from Oak Lawn, Louisiana Plantation (1864) 64
- Slave Labor as Reported in Nile's Weekly Register (1849) and DeBow's Southern and Western Review (1851) 66
- The History of the First Locomotives in America (1874) / William H. Brown 71
- Advertisement in The Liberator Seeking Colored Inventors (1834) 74
- U.S. Patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "Improvement in Sugar-Works" (1843) 75
- U.S. Patent to Norbert Rillieux for an "Improvement in Sugar-Making" (1846) 87
- The Confederate Patent Act (1861) 89
- III War, Reconstruction, and Segregation 91
- Finding a Place in the Industrial Age 93
- Mechanism and Art (1873) 95
- Using Jokes to Invent the Expert 97
- John Henry, the Steel Driving Man (1929) 98
- The Eclipse Clothes Wringer (c. 1880s) 100
- Woman with Bicycle (c. 1890s) 101
- The Taint of the Bicycle (1902) / W. F. Fonvielle 102
- IV The Progressive Era 107
- Training for the Industrial Age 109
- Comments on the Advisibility of Instructing Engineering Students in the History of the Engineering Profession (1903) / L. S. Randolph 111
- Industrial Education; Will It Solve the Negro Problem, II (1904) / Booker T. Washington 113
- The Training of Negroes for Social Power (1904) / W. E. B. Dubois 120
- Industrial Education-Will It Solve the Negro Problem (1904) / Fannie Barrier 127
- Working with the Hands (1904) / Booker T. Washington 132
- How Electricity Is Taught at Tuskegee (1904) / Charles W. Pierce 136
- Racial Progress as Reported in The Colored American Magazine (1902) 142
- The American Negro Artisan (1904) / Thomas J. Calloway 144
- Results of Some Hard Experiences: A Plain Talk to Young Men (1902) / William H. Dorkins 153
- Manufacturing Household Articles (1904) / Samuel R. Scottron 157
- The Career of Mechanic John G. Howard (1902) 161
- Inventors 163
- The Colored Inventor: A Record of Fifty Years (1913) / Henry E. Baker 165
- Clara Frye, A Woman Inventor (1907) 172
- U.S. Patent to Garret A. Morgan for a "Breathing Device" (1914) 174
- V Between the World Wars 179
- The Rural South 181
- You May Plow Here: The Narrative of Sara Brooks / Sara Brooks 183
- Cotton Picking Machines and Southern Agriculture 189
- We (1927) / Charles Lindbergh 191
- Industrial Employment 193
- Tuskegee Ideals in Industrial Education (1926) / Joseph L. Whiting 195
- Women at Work: A Century of Industrial Change (1934) 199
- The Typewriter (1926) / Dorothy West 202
- The Automobile 209
- Automobiles and the Jim Crow Regulations (1924) 211
- Through the Windshield (1933) / Alfred Edgar Smith 212
- Running the Red Light (Tilman C. Cothran) 216
- U.S. Patent to G. A. Morgan for a "Traffic Signal" (1923) 217
- VI World War II and the Cold War 221
- Learning to Fly 223
- Soaring above Setbacks: The Autobiography of Janet Harmon Bragg, African American Aviator / Janet Harmon Bragg 225
- Coffey School of Aeronautics (1944) and 99th Pursuit Squadron, Air Unit (1942) 226
- Lt. Clarence "Lucky" Lester 229
- War Work 231
- Negro Workers and the National Defense Program (1942) 233
- A Black Woman at Work in a Wartime Airplane Assembly Plant 245
- Graduate Technicians and National Technical Association (1944) 246
- Defense and Wartime Employment (1946-1947) 248
- Bay Area Council against Discrimination, San Francisco (1942) 252
- After the War 255
- Elm City, A Negro Community in Action (1945) / C. L. Spellman 257
- Mechanization in Agriculture (1941-1946) 260
- The Negro in the Aerospace Industry (1968) / Herbert R. Northrup 265
- VII The Movement and Beyond 277
- Setting a Political Agenda 279
- Revolution in a Technological Society (1971) / Samuel D. Proctor 281
- Ties to Africa 289
- Mickey Leland and the USAID Bureau for Africa 291
- Solar Cooking Demonstration in Akwasiho Village, Ghana / Hattie Carwell 295
- Engineering Careers 301
- Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 303
- History of the National Society of Black Engineers (1997) / Jerry Good 309
- Black Women Engineers and Technologists / Valerie L. Thomas 313
- Careers in Science and Technology (1993) 330
- Accessing the Information Age 339
- Bridging the Racial Divide on the Internet (1998) / Donna L. Hoffman, Thomas P. Novak 341
- Cyberghetto: Blacks Are Falling through the Net (1998) / Frederick L. McKissack, Jr 348
- Troubletown (1998) 352
- The Black Technological Entrepreneur (1999) / Janet Stites 353
- Technological Troubles 357
- A Place at the Table: A Sierra Roundtable on Race, Justice, and the Environment, and The Letter That Shook a Movement (1993) 359
- Neighbors Rally to Fight Proposed Waste-Burner (1992) 371
- United States to Weigh Blacks' Complaints about Pollution (1993) 374
- Presidential Executive Order 12898-Environmental Justice 377
- Study Attacks "Environmental Justice" (1994) 380
- New York Seminarian Promotes Environmental Justice in Africa (1996) / Paulette V. Walker 382.
- Soaring above setbacks : the autobiography of Janet Harmon Bragg, African American aviator / Janet Harmon Bragg
- Coffey School of Aeronautics (1944) and 99th pursuit squadron, air unit (1942)
- Lt. Clarence "Lucky" Lester
- 12 War work
- Negro workers and the national defense program (1942)
- A black woman at work in a wartime airplane assembly plant
- Graduate Technicians and National Technical Association (1944)
- Defense and wartime employment (1946-1947)
- Bay area council against discrimination, San Francisco (1942)
- 13. After the war
- Elm City, a Negro community in action (1945) / C. L. Spellman
- Mechanization in agriculture (1941-1946)
- The Negro in the aerospace industry (1968) / Herbert R. Northrup
- 14. Setting a political agenda
- Revolution in a technological society (1971) / Samuel D. Proctor
- 15. Ties to Africa
- Mickey Leland and the USAID Bureau for Africa
- Solar cooking demonstration in Akwasiho Village, Ghana / Hattie Carwell
- 16. Engineering careers
- Women and minorities in science and engineering
- History of the National Society of Black Engineers (1997) / Jerry Good
- Black women engineers and technologists / Valerie L. Thomas
- Careers in science and technology (1993)
- 17. Accessing the information age
- Bridging the racial divide on the Internet (1998) / Donna L. Hoffman and Thomas P. Novak
- Cyberghetto : blacks are falling through the Net (1998) / Frederick L. McKissack, Jr.
- Troubletown (1998)
- The black technological entrepreneur (1999) / Janet Stites
- 18. Technological troubles
- A place at the table : a Sierra roundtable on race, justice, and the environment, and the letter that shook a movement (1993)
- Neighbors rally to fight proposed waste-burner (1992)
- United States to weigh blacks' complaints about pollution (1993)
- Presidential Executive Order 12898 - environmental justice
- Study attacks "environmental justice" (1994)
- New York Seminarian promotes environmental justice in Africa (1996) / Paulette V. Walker
- Using jokes to invent the expert
- John Henry, the steel driving man (1929)
- The Eclipse clothes wringer (c. 1880s)
- Woman with bicycle (c. 1890s)
- The taint of the bicycle (1902) / W. F. Fonvielle
- 6 Training for the industrial age
- Comments on the advisibility of instructing engineering students in the history of the engineering profession (1903) / L. S. Randolph
- Industrial education; will it solve the Negro problem, II (1904) / Booker T. Washington
- The training of Negroes for social power (1904) / W. E. B. Dubois
- Industrial education - will it solve the Negro problem (1904) / Fannie Barrier
- Working with the hands (1904) / Booker T. Washington
- How electricity is taught at Tuskegee (1904) / Charles W. Pierce
- Racial progress as reported in The colored American magazine (1902)
- The American Negro artisan (1904) / Thomas J. Calloway
- Results of some hard experiences : a plain talk to young men (1902) / William H. Dorkins
- Manufacturing household articles (1904) / Samuel R. Scottron
- The career of mechanic John G. Howard (1902)
- 7. Inventors
- The colored inventor : a record of fifty years (1913) / Henry E. Baker
- Clara Frye, a woman inventor (1907)
- U.S. patent to Garret A. Morgan for a "breathing device" (1914)
- 8. The rural South
- You may plow here : the narrative of Sara Brooks / Sara Brooks
- Cotton picking machines and southern agriculture
- We (1927) / Charles Lindbergh
- 9. Industrial employment
- Tuskegee ideals in industrial education (1926) / Joseph L. Whiting
- Women at work : a century of industrial change (1934)
- The typewriter (1926) / Dorothy West
- 10. The automobile
- Automobiles and the Jim Crow regulations (1924)
- Through the windshield (1933) / Alfred Edgar Smith
- Running the red light (Tilman C. Cothran)
- U.S. patent to G. A. Morgan for a "traffic signal" (1923)
- 11. Learning to fly