Terrorism and counterterrorism /

Terrorism and counterterrorism /

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nacos, Brigitte Lebens (Author)
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016
New York, NY : Routledge, 2016
Edition:Fifth edition
Subjects:
Terrorism > Prevention
Terrorism
Table of Contents:
  • 1 Introduction: The Terrorist Threat 1
  • Terrorism Trends Over the Last Decades 7
  • Part I Terrorism 17
  • 2 The Perennial Debate: What Is Terrorism? 19
  • The Meaning of Terrorism Over Time 22
  • The Definitional Potpourri 23
  • Obama Administration: Downplaying the "T" Word 34
  • Public Debate on the Definition of Terrorism 34
  • State Terror (ism) 35
  • The Meaning of Terrorism in this Volume 37
  • Is Terrorism Ever Justified? 37
  • Terrorism Studies, a Field in Search of Theory and Methodology 39
  • 3 Terrorism in the Global Context 45
  • Different Types of Groups 46
  • The Roots of Modern Terrorism 48
  • The Post-World War II Wave 50
  • 1968: The Advent of Modern-Day Terrorism 52
  • IRA and ETA: Groups that Transcend the Average Life Span of Terrorist Groups 55
  • The Decline of Left-Wing Terrorism 57
  • The Rise of Catastrophic Terrorism 58
  • Unrestrained Terrorism and Counterterrorism after the Cold War 59
  • The Old and New Terrorism in the Post-Cold War Era 60
  • Modernization, Globalization, and the Proliferation of Religious Violence 62
  • ISIS-a Terrorist Organization, a Guerrilla Force, or a Rogue State? 67
  • 4 Terrorism in the American Context 72
  • Right-Wing Terrorism 73
  • The Ku Klux Klan 74
  • Christian Identity and Neo-Nazi Groups 79
  • The Patriot and Militia Movement 82
  • The Sovereign Citizens Movement 85
  • Left-Wing Terrorism 87
  • The First Anarchists in the United States 87
  • The Weather Underground 89
  • The Black Panther Party 90
  • The Symbionese Liberation Army 91
  • Single-Issue Terrorism 92
  • Antiabortion Violence 93
  • The Animal and Earth Liberation Fronts 95
  • The Jewish Defense League 96
  • Puerto Rican Nationalist Groups 97
  • Ideological Waves 99
  • 5 Religious Terrorism: Political Violence in the Name of God 105
  • Defending the Faith in "Cosmic Wars" 112
  • The Proliferation of Religious Violence 114
  • Alienation, Humiliation, and Fear 115
  • The Jihadi Movement and Political Violence 118
  • Muslims 118
  • Islamists 119
  • Salafis and Wahhabis 120
  • Jihadis 120
  • Jihadi Ideology 122
  • Homegrown Jihadis in the West-Including the United States 127
  • 6 The Making of Terrorists: Causes, Conditions, Influences 135
  • Terrorism as a Result of Rational Choice 139
  • Terrorism as a Result of Personal Traits 141
  • Terrorism as a Result of Social Interaction 144
  • Differences between Leaders and Followers 145
  • The Lone Wolf Phenomenon 146
  • The Lack of a Universal Terrorist Profile 148
  • The Stages Leading to Terrorism 148
  • The Roots of Terrorism: No Simple Answers 151
  • 7 Women, Children, and Terrorism 155
  • For the Sake of Love 162
  • Demonstration of Gender Equality 163
  • Can Real Women Become Terrorists? 164
  • Tactical Advantages of Female Terrorists 165
  • The Making of Child Terrorists 168
  • 8 Common Thread: Goals, Targets, and Tactics 173
  • Do Terrorists Achieve Their Goals? 174
  • The Selection of Targets 175
  • Terrorist Methods: From Primitive Bombs to WMD 178
  • Most Common Methods of Terrorist Attacks 180
  • Most Likely CBRN Weapons in the Hands of Terrorists 199
  • 9 Organizational Structures and the Financing of Tenor 206
  • ISIS: Organized Like a Police State 215
  • How Terrorist Groups Decline or End 216
  • Terrorist Groups' Big Helpers: State Sponsors 218
  • The Case of Saudi Arabia 221
  • Faded and Failing States and "Brown Areas" 223
  • Involuntary Host Countries 225
  • Financing Terrorism 225
  • Narco-Terrorism or Narco-Funded Terrorism? 228
  • Part II Counterterrorism 233
  • 10 Terrorism and America's Post-9/11 National Security Strategy 235
  • President Bush's National Security Strategy 241
  • I Making the World Safer and Better 241
  • I Preemption Before Threats Become Imminent 242
  • III Unilateral Use of Force 243
  • President Obama's National Security Strategy 244
  • Obama's Controversial "Drone War" 249
  • 11 The Utility of Hard and Soft Power in Counterterrorism 255
  • Military Hard Power 258
  • Military Retaliation/Reprisal 259
  • Military Preemption 262
  • Commando Raids 264
  • Assassinations 266
  • Hostage Rescue Missions 268
  • Nonmilitary Hard Power: Economic Sanctions 270
  • Drying Up Financial Resources 271
  • Soft Power and Counterterrorism 272
  • Deterrence 272
  • Diplomacy 273
  • Talking to Terrorist Groups 276
  • Public Diplomacy 279
  • Conciliation and Peace 281
  • 12 Balancing Security, Liberty, and Human Rights 287
  • U.S. Anti- and Counterterrorism Laws 291
  • Edward Snowden: Hero or Villain? 297
  • The Rights of "Enemy Combatants" 301
  • Torture: Leaders and Followers 306
  • Obama on Torture and Rendition 314
  • Torture: The Public Debate 315
  • 13 Homeland Security: Prevention and Preparedness 322
  • Problems with the Basic Homeland Security Approach 325
  • Preparedness for Man-Made and Natural Disaster 326
  • Post-9/11 Reorganization of Homeland Security 327
  • General and Specific Homeland Security Strategies 333
  • It's the Intelligence, Stupid 335
  • Reorganization of the Intelligence Community 340
  • International Cooperation 344
  • Congress Resists Change 346
  • Part III Terrorism and Counterterrorism in News Media and Internet 351
  • 14 Terrorist Propaganda and the Mainstream Media 353
  • Publicity: The Universal Terrorist Goal 358
  • An Alternative View: Contemporary Terrorists Do Not Need Publicity 359
  • Terrorism and the Triangle of Communication 361
  • Media-Related Goals 362
  • The Attention-Getting Goal 363
  • The Recognition Goal 365
  • The Respectability/Legitimacy Goal 368
  • Bedfellows in a Marriage of Convenience 369
  • Media and Terrorist Contagion 371
  • Defending the Media 373
  • Treason or Public Service? 374
  • 15 Terror and Hate in Cyberspace 379
  • Social Media as an Ideal Alternative to Mainstream Media 386
  • Radicalization, Recruitment, and Incitement 387
  • Preaching Hate and Inciting Violence 389
  • Self-Reporting of Violence 391
  • Planning and Executing Terrorist Operations 392
  • Retrieving Valuable information 395
  • Raising funds 396
  • 16 Counterterrorism in the News 400
  • The Media and Military Responses to Terrorism 405
  • The Bombing of Libya (1986) 405
  • Bombing of Iraq's Intelligence Headquarters (1993) 406
  • Missile Strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan (1998) 407
  • The Post-9/11 War Against Terrorism 408
  • Military Action Against Al Qaeda and the Taliban (2001) 410
  • The Invasion of Iraq (2003) 412
  • The Iraq War: Different News Coverage Abroad 415
  • 17 Conclusion: Living with Terrorist Threats 419

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